Color display device and driving methods therefor

ABSTRACT

The invention relates to electrophoretic layers containing at least five different particles, and to driving methods for displaying at least five, and in some embodiments, six different colors at each pixel or sub-pixel. The electrophoretic layers may also contain uncharged neutral buoyancy particles, and the driving methods may include special shaking waveform sequences.

REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No.15/168,493, filed May 31, 2016 (Publication No. 2016/0275874, now U.S.Pat. No. 9,922,603, issued Mar. 20, 2018), which itself is acontinuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 14/626,552, filed Feb. 19,2015 (Publication No. 2015/0234250, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,541,814, issuedJan. 10, 2017) and of application Ser. No. 14/794,689, filed Jul. 8,2015 (Publication No. 2016/0011484, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,671,668, issuedJun. 6, 2017). This application is also a continuation-in-part ofapplication Ser. No. 15/088,465, filed Apr. 1, 2016 (Publication No.2016/0293111, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,032,419, issued Jul. 24, 2018).Application Ser. No. 14/626,552 claims benefit of provisionalApplication Ser. No. 62/061,077, filed Oct. 7, 2014, while applicationSer. No. 14/794,689 claims benefit of provisional Application Ser. No.62/022,557, filed Jul. 9, 2014. Application Ser. No. 15/168,493 alsoclaims benefit of provisional Application Ser. No. 62/169,300, filedJun. 1, 2015 and of provisional Application Ser. No. 62/241,633, filedOct. 14, 2015. Application Ser. No. 15/088,465 claims benefit ofprovisional Application Ser. No. 62/143,631, filed Apr. 6, 2015.

The entire contents of the aforementioned applications, and of all otherU.S. patents and published and copending applications mentioned below,are herein incorporated by reference.

BACKGROUND OF INVENTION

This invention relates to color display devices in which each pixel candisplay at least five, and in some cases at least six, high qualitycolor states, and to methods for driving such color display devices.

In order to achieve a color display, color filters are often used. Themost common approach is to add color filters on top of black/whitesub-pixels of a pixelated display to display red, green and blue colors.When a red color is desired, the green and blue sub-pixels are turned tothe black state so that the only color displayed is red. When a bluecolor is desired, the green and red sub-pixels are turned to the blackstate so that the only color displayed is blue. When a green color isdesired, the red and blue sub-pixels are turned to the black state sothat the only color displayed is green. When the black state is desired,all three-sub-pixels are turned to the black state. When the white stateis desired, the three sub-pixels are turned to red, green and blue,respectively, and as a result, a white state is seen by the viewer.

The biggest disadvantage of using such a technique for a reflectivedisplay is that since each of the sub-pixels has a reflectance of aboutone third of the desired white state, the white state is fairly dim. Tocompensate for this, a fourth sub-pixel may be added which can displayonly the black and white states, so that the white level is doubled atthe expense of the red, green or blue color level (where each sub-pixelis only one fourth of the area of the pixel). Brighter colors can beachieved by adding light from the white pixel, but this is achieved atthe expense of color gamut to cause the colors to be very light andunsaturated. A similar result can be achieved by reducing the colorsaturation of the three sub-pixels. Even with this approach, the whitelevel is normally substantially less than half of that of a black andwhite display, rendering it an unacceptable choice for display devices,such as e-readers or displays that need well readable black-whitebrightness and contrast.

In view of these disadvantages of color filter based displays, effortshave been made to develop color displays in which three or more colorscan be displayed at each pixel. See, in addition to the aforementionedUS 2015/0234250 and US 2016/0011484, U.S. Pat. No. 8,717,664, US2015/0103394, US 2015/0097877, U.S. Pat. No. 9,170,468, US 2015/0198858,US 2016/0140909 and US 2014/0340430. For convenience, such displays mayhereinafter be referred to as “multi-color pixel” of “MCP” displays;when it is desired to specify how many colors are displayed at eachpixel, reference may be made to “5-CP” and “6-CP” displays.

SUMMARY OF INVENTION

Accordingly, this invention provides a display layer having a first,viewing surface and a second surface on the opposed side of the displaylayer from the first surface, the display layer further comprising anelectrophoretic medium comprising a fluid and first, second, third,fourth and fifth types of particles dispersed in the fluid, the first,second, third, fourth and fifth types of particles having respectivelyfirst, second, third, fourth and fifth optical characteristics differingfrom one another, the first, third and fourth types of particles havingcharges of one polarity and the second and fifth types of particleshaving charges of the opposite polarity, the first type of particleshaving a greater zeta potential or electrophoretic mobility than thethird type of particles, the third type of particles having a greaterzeta potential or electrophoretic mobility than the fourth type ofparticles, and the second type of particles having a greater zetapotential or electrophoretic mobility than the fifth type of particles.

The display layer of the present invention may also comprise a sixthtype of particles having a sixth optical characteristic differing fromthe first, second, third, fourth and fifth optical characteristics, thesixth type of particles bearing a charge of the same polarity as thesecond and fifth particles but having a zeta potential orelectrophoretic mobility intermediate those of the second and the fifthtypes of particles.

In one embodiment, the electrophoretic medium used in the display layerof the present invention may further comprise substantially unchargedneutral buoyancy particles. The term “substantially uncharged” refers tothe particles which are either uncharged or carry a charge which is lessthan 5% of the average charge carried by the higher charged particles.In one embodiment, the neutral buoyancy particles are non-charged. Theterm “neutral buoyancy” refers to particles which do not rise or fallwith gravity. In other words, the particles would float in the fluidbetween the two electrodes. In one embodiment, the density of theneutral buoyancy particles may be the same as the density of the solventor solvent mixture in which they are dispersed.

The concentration of the substantially uncharged neutral buoyancyparticles in the display fluid is preferably in the range of about 0.01to about 10% by volume, more preferably in the range of about 0.02 toabout 1% by volume. The term “about” refers to a range which is ±10% ofthe indicated value.

This invention also provides a method of driving a display layer havinga first, viewing surface and a second surface on the opposed side of thedisplay layer from the first surface, the display layer being providedwith means for applying an electric field between the first and secondsurfaces, the display layer further comprising an electrophoretic mediumcomprising a fluid and first, second, third, fourth and fifth types ofparticles dispersed in the fluid, the first, second, third, fourth andfifth types of particles having respectively first, second, third,fourth and fifth optical characteristics differing from one another, thefirst, third and fourth type of particles having charges of one polarityand the second and fifth types of particles having charges of theopposite polarity, the method comprising, in any order:

-   -   (i) applying a first electric field having a high magnitude and        a polarity driving the first type of particles towards the        viewing surface, thereby causing the display layer to display        the first optical characteristic at the viewing surface;    -   (ii) applying a second electric field having a high magnitude        and a polarity driving the second type of particles towards the        viewing surface, thereby causing the display layer to display        the second optical characteristic at the viewing surface;    -   (iii) when the second optical characteristic is displayed at the        viewing surface, applying a third electric field having a low        magnitude and a polarity driving the fourth type of particles        towards the viewing surface, thereby causing the display layer        to display the fourth optical characteristic at the viewing        surface;    -   (iv) when the first optical characteristic is displayed at the        viewing surface, applying a fourth electric field having a low        magnitude and a polarity driving the fifth type of particles        towards the viewing surface, thereby causing the display layer        to display the fifth optical characteristic at the viewing        surface; and    -   (v) when the fifth optical characteristic is displayed at the        viewing surface applying a fifth electric field having a        magnitude intermediate the first and third electric fields and a        polarity driving the third type of particles towards the viewing        surface, thereby causing the display layer to display the third        optical characteristic at the viewing surface.

In this method, the electrophoretic layer may further comprise a sixthtype of particles having a sixth optical characteristic differing fromthe first, second, third, fourth and fifth optical characteristics, thesixth type of particles bearing a charge of the same polarity as thesecond and fifth particles, and the method may further comprise:

-   -   (vi) when the fourth optical characteristic is displayed at the        viewing surface applying a sixth electric field having a        magnitude intermediate the second and fourth electric fields and        a polarity driving the sixth type of particles towards the        viewing surface, thereby causing the display layer to display        the sixth optical characteristic at the viewing surface.

In either the five or six particle method of the present invention, step(iii) may be effected by first applying a high electric field having apolarity which drives the fourth particles towards the second surfaceand thereafter applying the third electric field. A shaking waveform maybe applied prior to application of the high electric field, and the highelectric field may be applied for a second period prior to the shakingwaveform. The application of the high electric field and the applicationof the third electric field may repeated at least twice, at least fourtimes or at least eight times. Following the application of the thirdelectric field, no electric field may be applied for a period.Alternatively or in addition, no electric field may be applied for aperiod between the application of the high electric field and theapplication of the third electric field.

In either the five or six particle method of the present invention, step(iv) may be effected by first applying a high electric field having apolarity which drives the fifth particles towards the second surface andthereafter applying the fourth electric field. A shaking waveform may beapplied prior to application of the high electric field, and the highelectric field may be applied for a second period prior to the shakingwaveform. The application of the high electric field and the applicationof the fourth electric field may be repeated at least twice, at leastfour times or at least eight times. Following the application of thefourth electric field, no electric field may be applied for a period.Alternatively or in addition, no electric field may be applied for aperiod between the application of the high electric field and theapplication of the fourth electric field.

In either the five or six particle method of the present invention, step(v) may be effected by first applying a low electric field having amagnitude less than that of the fifth electric field and a polaritywhich drives the third particles towards the second surface, andthereafter applying the fifth electric field. A high electric fieldhaving a magnitude greater than that of, but the same polarity as, thefifth electric field may be applied prior to application of the lowelectric field. A shaking waveform may be applied prior to the highelectric field. The high electric field may be applied for a secondperiod prior to the shaking waveform. Alternatively, in either the fiveor six particle method of the present invention, step (v) may beeffected by first applying a low electric field having a magnitude lessthan that of the fifth electric field and a polarity which drives thethird particles towards the second surface and thereafter applyingmultiple periods of the fifth electric field alternating with periods ofzero electric field. A high electric field having a magnitude greaterthan that of, but the same polarity as, the fifth electric field may beapplied prior to application of the low electric field. A shakingwaveform may be applied prior to the high electric field. The highelectric field may be applied for a second period prior to the shakingwaveform.

In a six particle method of the present invention, step (vi) mayeffected by first applying a low electric field having a magnitude lessthan that of the sixth electric field and a polarity which drives thesixth particles towards the second surface and thereafter applying thesixth electric field. A high electric field having a magnitude greaterthan that of, but the same polarity as, the sixth electric field may beapplied prior to application of the low electric field. A shakingwaveform may applied prior to the high electric field. The high electricfield may be applied for a second period prior to the shaking waveform.Alternatively, in a six particle method of the present invention, step(vi) may effected by first applying a low electric field having amagnitude less than that of the sixth electric field and a polaritywhich drives the sixth particles towards the second surface andthereafter applying multiple periods of the sixth electric fieldalternating with periods of zero electric field. A high electric fieldhaving a magnitude greater than that of, but the same polarity as, thesixth electric field may be applied prior to application of the lowelectric field. A shaking waveform may be applied prior to the highelectric field. The high electric field may be applied for a secondperiod prior to the shaking waveform.

As described below with reference to FIG. 2, the shaking waveform mayconsist simply of repeating a pair of opposite driving pulses for manycycles. However, it has been found advantageous to use a three-partshaking waveform as follows:

-   -   (i) apply a first electric field of one polarity (and typically        of the same magnitude as the highest electric field used in        driving the display layer) for a period sufficient to cause the        optical characteristic of one of the first and second particles        at the viewing surface;    -   (ii) thereafter, apply a second electric field having a polarity        opposite to that of the first electric field (and typically of        the same magnitude as the first electric field) for a period        insufficient to cause the optical characteristic of the other of        the first and second particles to be displayed at the viewing        surface; and    -   (iii) thereafter, applying a shaking waveform (i.e., repeating a        pair of opposite driving pulses for at least several cycles.

This three-part shaking waveform may be applied to both the five and sixcharged particle display layers of the present invention. After theshaking waveform, the optical characteristics of the various chargedparticles may be displayed in the manners previously described. Thus,the three-part shaking waveform may be followed by:

-   -   (iv) applying a third electric field having a polarity driving        the first type of particles towards the viewing surface, thereby        causing the display layer to display the first optical        characteristic at the viewing surface; or    -   (v) applying a fourth electric field having a polarity driving        the second type of particles towards the viewing surface,        thereby causing the display layer to display the second optical        characteristic at the viewing surface.

Following these steps to display the first and/or second opticalcharacteristic, the method of the present invention may furthercomprise:

-   -   (vi) when the second optical characteristic is displayed at the        viewing surface after step (v), applying a fifth electric field        having a magnitude lower than the fourth electric field and a        polarity driving the fourth type of particles towards the        viewing surface, thereby causing the display layer to display        the fourth optical characteristic at the viewing surface; or    -   (vii) when the first optical characteristic is displayed at the        viewing surface after step (iv), applying a sixth electric field        having a magnitude lower than the third electric field and a        polarity driving the fifth type of particles towards the viewing        surface, thereby causing the display layer to display the fifth        optical characteristic at the viewing surface.

Following these steps to display the fourth and/or fifth opticalcharacteristic, the method of the present invention using a five chargedparticle display layer may further comprise:

-   -   (viii) when the fifth optical characteristic is displayed at the        viewing surface applying a seventh electric field having a        magnitude intermediate the third and fifth electric fields and a        polarity driving the third type of particles towards the viewing        surface, thereby causing the display layer to display the third        optical characteristic at the viewing surface.

Alternatively, following these steps to display the fourth and/or fifthoptical characteristic, the method of the present invention using a sixcharged particle display layer may further comprise:

-   -   (viii) when the fifth optical characteristic is displayed at the        viewing surface applying a seventh electric field having a        magnitude intermediate the third and sixth electric fields and a        polarity driving the third type of particles towards the viewing        surface, thereby causing the display layer to display the third        optical characteristic at the viewing surface; or    -   (ix) when the fourth optical characteristic is displayed at the        viewing surface applying a sixth electric field having a        magnitude intermediate the fourth and fifth electric fields and        a polarity driving the sixth type of particles towards the        viewing surface, thereby causing the display layer to display        the sixth optical characteristic at the viewing surface.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-section through a display layer containingfive different types of particles which can display five different colorstates.

FIG. 2 shows a shaking waveform which may be used in the driving methodsof the present invention.

FIGS. 3-1 to 3-5 are schematic cross-sections similar to those of FIG. 1but illustrating changes in particle positions effected during varioussteps of driving methods of the present invention.

FIG. 4 illustrates a waveform which can used to cause the display layershown in FIG. 1 to effect the transition shown in FIG. 3-2 to displaythe red color of low charged positive particles.

FIGS. 5-7, 8-10 and 11-13 illustrate alternative waveforms which may beused in place of part of the waveform shown in FIG. 4.

FIG. 14 illustrates a waveform which can used to cause the display layershown in FIG. 1 to effect the transition shown in FIG. 3-3 to displaythe white color of low charged negative particles.

FIGS. 15-17, 18-20 and 21-23 illustrate alternative waveforms which maybe used in place of part of the waveform shown in FIG. 14.

FIGS. 24-27 illustrate waveforms which can be used to cause the displaylayer shown in FIG. 1 to effect the transitions shown in FIG. 3-4 or 3-5to display the blue color of the medium positive particles.

FIG. 28 is a schematic cross-section similar to that of FIG. 1, buttaken through a display layer containing six different types ofparticles which can display six different color states.

FIGS. 29-1 to 29-7 are schematic cross-sections similar to those ofFIGS. 3-1 to 3-5 but illustrating changes in particle positions in thedisplay layer of FIG. 28 effected during various steps of drivingmethods of the present invention.

FIGS. 30-33 illustrate waveforms which can be used to cause the displaylayer shown in FIG. 28 to effect the transitions shown in FIG. 29-6 or29-7 to display the green color of the medium negative particles.

FIGS. 34 and 35 illustrate two three-part shaking waveforms which may beused to replace the single-part shaking waveform shown in Figures in anyof the waveforms shown in FIGS. 4-33.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The driving methods of the present invention are suitable for driving anelectrophoretic display utilizing a display fluid which comprises five,or in some cases six, types of particles dispersed in a fluid, which istypically a dielectric solvent or solvent mixture. The particles may bereferred to as a first type of particles, a second type of particles, athird type of particles, a fourth type of particles and a fifth type ofparticles, and a sixth type of particles (when present). The varioustypes of particles have different optical characteristics. These opticalcharacteristics are typically colors perceptible to the human eye, butmay be other optical properties, such as optical transmission,reflectance, luminescence or, in the case of displays intended formachine reading, pseudo-color in the sense of a change in reflectance ofelectromagnetic wavelengths outside the visible range. The inventionbroadly encompasses particles of any colors as long as the multipletypes of particles are visually distinguishable. As an example, theparticles may be any combinations of white particles (W), blackparticles (K), red particles (R), green particles (G), blue particles(B), cyan particles (C), magenta particles (M) and yellow particles (Y).

In addition, the various types of particles have different levels ofcharge potential. For example, five types of particles may be highpositive particles, middle positive particles, low positive particles,high negative particles and low negative particles, or alternatively,high negative particles, middle negative particles, low negativeparticles, high positive particles and low positive particles. When sixtypes of particles are present, they may be high positive particles,middle positive particles, low positive particles, high negativeparticles, middle negative particles and low negative particles. Theterm “charge potential”, in the context of the present application, maybe used interchangeably with “zeta potential” or with electrophoreticmobility. The charge polarities and levels of charge potential of theparticles may be varied by the method described in U.S. PatentApplication Publication No. 2014/0011913.

The magnitudes of the charges on, zeta potentials or electrophoreticmobilities on the “high positive” particles and the “high negative”particles may be the same or different. Likewise, the magnitudes ofthese parameters on the “middle positive” and the “middle negative”particles may be the same or different, and the magnitudes of theseparameters on the “low positive” particles and the “low negative”particles may be the same or different.

As already mentioned, the charge potentials of the particles may bemeasured in terms of zeta potential. In one embodiment, the zetapotential is determined by Colloidal Dynamics AcoustoSizer IIM with aCSPU-100 signal processing unit, ESA EN# Attn flow through cell (K:127).The instrument constants, such as density of the solvent used in thesample, dielectric constant of the solvent, speed of sound in thesolvent, viscosity of the solvent, all of which at the testingtemperature (25° C.) are entered before testing. Pigment samples aredispersed in the solvent (which is usually a hydrocarbon fluid havingless than 12 carbon atoms), and diluted to be 5-10% by weight. Thesample also contains a charge control agent (Solsperse 17000, availablefrom Lubrizol Corporation, a Berkshire Hathaway company; “Solsperse” isa Registered Trade Mark), with a weight ratio of 1:10 of the chargecontrol agent to the particles. The mass of the diluted sample isdetermined and the sample is then loaded into the flow through cell fordetermination of the zeta potential. Methods and apparatus for themeasurement of electrophoretic mobility are well known to those skilledin the technology of electrophoretic displays.

The dielectric fluid in which the particles are typically dispersed maybe clear and colorless. It preferably has a dielectric constant in therange of about 2 to about 30, more preferably about 2 to about 15 forhigh particle mobility. Examples of suitable dielectric fluids includehydrocarbons such as isoparaffin, decahydronaphthalene (DECALIN),5-ethylidene-2-norbornene, fatty oils, paraffin oil, silicon fluids,aromatic hydrocarbons such as toluene, xylene, phenylxylylethane,dodecylbenzene or alkylnaphthalene, halogenated solvents such asperfluorodecalin, perfluorotoluene, perfluoroxylene,dichlorobenzotrifluoride, 3,4,5-trichlorobenzotrifluoride,chloropentafluorobenzene, dichlorononane or pentachlorobenzene, andperfluorinated solvents such as FC-43, FC-70 or FC-5060 from 3M Company,St. Paul Minn., low molecular weight halogen containing polymers such aspoly(perfluoropropylene oxide) from TCI America, Portland, Oreg.,poly(chlorotrifluoroethylene) such as Halocarbon Oils from HalocarbonProduct Corp., River Edge, N.J., perfluoropolyalkylether such as Galdenfrom Ausimont or Krytox Oils and Greases K-Fluid Series from DuPont,Delaware, polydimethylsiloxane based silicone oil from Dow-corning(DC-200).

The particles are preferably opaque, in the sense that they should belight reflecting not light transmissive. It be apparent to those skilledin color science that if the particles were light transmissive, some ofthe color states appearing in the following description of specificembodiments of the invention would be severely distorted or notobtained. White particles are of course light scattering rather thanreflective but care should be taken to ensure that not too much lightpasses through a layer of white particles. For example, if in the whitestate shown in FIG. 3-3 discussed below, the layer of white particlesallowed a substantial amount of light to pass through it and bereflected from the particles behind it, the brightness of the whitestate could be substantially reduced. The particles used may be primaryparticles without a polymer shell. Alternatively, each particle maycomprise an insoluble core with a polymer shell. The core could beeither an organic or inorganic pigment, and it may be a single coreparticle or an aggregate of multiple core particles. The particles mayalso be hollow particles.

In the case of white particles (W), the primary particles or coreparticles may be TiO₂, ZrO₂, ZnO, Al₂O₃, Sb₂O₃, BaSO₄, PbSO₄ or thelike. For the black particles (K), the primary particles or coreparticles may be Cl pigment black 26 or 28 or the like (e.g., manganeseferrite black spinel or copper chromite black spinel) or carbon black.For the other colored particles (which are non-white and non-black), theprimary particles or core particles may include, but are not limited to,CI pigment PR 254, PR122, PR149, PG36, PG58, PG7, PB15:3, PY83, PY138,PY150, PY155 or PY20. Those are commonly used organic pigments describedin color index handbooks, “New Pigment Application Technology” (CMCPublishing Co, Ltd, 1986) and “Printing Ink Technology” (CMC PublishingCo, Ltd, 1984). Specific examples include Clariant Hostaperm Red D3G70-EDS, Hostaperm Pink E-EDS, PV fast red D3G, Hostaperm red D3G 70,Hostaperm Blue B2G-EDS, Hostaperm Yellow H4G-EDS, F2G-EDS, NovopermYellow HR-70-EDS, Hostaperm Green GNX, BASF Irgazine red L 3630,Cinquasia Red L 4100 HD, and Irgazine Red L 3660 HD; Sun Chemicalphthalocyanine blue, phthalocyanine green, diarylide yellow or diarylideAAOT yellow. Also, for the other colored particles (non-white andnon-black), the primary particles or core particles may also beinorganic pigments, such as red, green, blue and yellow pigments.Examples may include, but are not limited to, CI pigment blue 28 (PB28),CI pigment green 50 and CI pigment yellow 227.

The percentages of different types of particles in the fluid may vary.For example, one type of particles may take up 0.1% to 10%, preferably0.5% to 5%, by volume of the electrophoretic fluid; another type ofparticles may take up 1% to 50%, preferably 5% to 20%, by volume of thefluid; and each of the remaining types of particles may take up 2% to20%, preferably 4% to 10%, by volume of the fluid.

The various types of particles may have different particle sizes. Forexample, the smaller particles may have a size which ranges from about50 nm to about 800 nm. The larger particles may have a size which isabout 2 to about 50 times, and more preferably about 2 to about 10times, the sizes of the smaller particles.

As previously mentioned, in addition to the charged particles, the fluidused in the display layer of the present invention may comprisesubstantially uncharged neutral buoyancy particles. These substantiallyuncharged neutral buoyancy particles may be formed from a polymericmaterial. The polymeric material may be a copolymer or a homopolymer.Examples of the polymeric material for the substantially unchargedneutral buoyancy particles may include, but are not limited to,polyacrylate, polymethacrylate, polystyrene, polyaniline, polypyrrole,polyphenol and polysiloxane. Specific examples of the polymeric materialmay include, but are not limited to, poly(pentabromophenylmethacrylate), poly(2-vinylnapthalene), poly(naphthyl methacrylate),poly(α-methylstyrene), poly(N-benzyl methacrylamide) and poly(benzylmethacrylate).

Desirably, the substantially uncharged neutral buoyancy particles areformed from a polymer which is not soluble in the solvent of the displayfluid, and also has a high refractive index. In one embodiment, therefractive index of the substantially uncharged neutral buoyancyparticles is different from that of the solvent or solvent mixture inwhich the particles are dispersed. However, typically the refractiveindex of the substantially uncharged neutral buoyancy particles ishigher than that of the solvent or solvent mixture. In some cases, therefractive index of the substantially uncharged neutral buoyancyparticles may be above 1.45. In one embodiment, the materials for thesubstantially uncharged neutral buoyancy particles may comprise anaromatic moiety.

The substantially uncharged neutral buoyancy particles may be preparedfrom monomers through polymerization techniques, such as suspensionpolymerization, dispersion polymerization, seed polymerization,soap-free polymerization, emulsion polymerization or physical method,including inverse emulsification-evaporation process. The monomers arepolymerized in the presence of a dispersant. The presence of thedispersant allows the polymer particles to be formed in a desired sizerange and the dispersant may also form a layer physically or chemicallybonded to the surface of the polymer particles to prevent the particlesfrom agglomeration. The dispersant preferably has a long chain (of atleast eight atoms), which may stabilize the polymer particles in ahydrocarbon solvent. Such dispersants may be an acrylate-terminated orvinyl-terminated macromolecule, which are suitable because the acrylateor vinyl group can co-polymerize with the monomer in the reactionmedium.

One specific example of the dispersant is acrylate terminatedpolysiloxane (Gelest, MCR-M17, MCR-M22), Another type of suitabledispersants is a polyethylene macro-monomer, of the formula:CH₃—[—CH₂—]_(n)—CH₂O—C(═O)—C(CH₃)═CH₂The backbone of the macro-monomer may be a polyethylene chain and theinteger “n” may be 30-200. The synthesis of this type of macro-monomermay be found in Seigou Kawaguchi et al, Designed Monomers and Polymers,2000, 3, 263. If the fluid system is fluorinated, the dispersants arethen preferably also fluorinated.

Alternatively, the substantially uncharged neutral buoyancy particlesmay be formed from a core particle coated with a polymeric shell and theshell may be formed, for example, from any of the polymeric materialidentified above. The core particle may be of an inorganic pigment suchas TiO₂, ZrO₂, ZnO, Al₂O₃, Cl pigment black 26 or 28 or the like (e.g.,manganese ferrite black spinel or copper chromite black spinel), or anorganic pigment such as phthalocyanine blue, phthalocyanine green,diarylide yellow, diarylide AAOT yellow, and quinacridone, azo,rhodamine, perylene pigment series from Sun Chemical, Hansa yellow Gparticles from Kanto Chemical, and Carbon Lampblack from Fisher, or thelike. Core-shell substantially uncharged neutral buoyancy particles maybe formed by a microencapsulation method, such as coacervation,interfacial polycondensation, interfacial cross-linking, in-suitpolymerization or matrix polymerization.

The size of the substantially uncharged neutral buoyancy particles ispreferably in the range of about 100 nm to about 5 μm.

The substantially uncharged neutral buoyancy particles may have a colorsubstantially the same visually to the color of one of the types ofcharged particles. For example, in a display fluid, there may be chargedwhite, black, red, yellow, green and blue particles and substantiallyuncharged neutral buoyancy particles, and in this case, thesubstantially uncharged neutral buoyancy particles may be white, black,red, yellow, green or blue. Alternatively, the substantially unchargedneutral buoyancy particles may have a color substantially different fromthe color of the charged particles.

The presence of the substantially uncharged neutral buoyancy particlesin the fluid increases reflection of incident light, thus also improvingthe contrast ratio, especially if they are formed from a reflectivematerial. Furthermore, it has been found empirically that the presenceof the neutral buoyancy particles results in “cleaner” colors beingdisplayed at the viewing surface, i.e., that there is less mixing of thecolors. Image stability may also be improved by the addition of thesubstantially uncharged neutral buoyancy particles. The substantiallyuncharged neutral buoyancy particles can fill in the gaps resulted fromthe charged particles being over packed on the surface of an electrodeunder an electrical field, thus preventing the charged particles fromsettling due to gravitational force.

In addition, if the substantially uncharged neutral buoyancy particlesare white, they may enhance the reflectivity of the display. If they areblack, they may enhance the blackness of the display. In any case, thesubstantially uncharged neutral buoyancy particles do not affect thedriving behavior of the charged particles in the fluid.

Preferred embodiments of the invention will now be described in detail,though by way of illustration only, with reference to the accompanyingdrawings. Five particle systems of the invention will be describedfirst, and then the modifications needed to incorporate a sixth type ofparticles will be described.

As already mentioned, FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-section through adisplay layer containing five different types of particles which candisplay five different color states (i.e., a 5-CP display layer). Thedisplay layer has a first, viewing surface 13 (the upper surface asillustrated in FIG. 1) and a second surface 14 on the opposed side ofthe display layer from the first surface 13. The term “viewing surface”of course refers to the side of the display on which a user normallyviews images. The display layer comprises an electrophoretic mediumcomprising a fluid and first, second, third fourth and fifth types ofparticles (indicated respectively by numbers 1-5 enclosed in a circle)dispersed in the fluid. The first, second, third, fourth and fifth typesof particles having respectively first, second, third, fourth and fifthoptical characteristics differing from one another, the first, third andfourth type of particles having charges of one polarity and the secondand fifth types of particles having charges of the opposite polarity.More specifically, in the system shown in FIG. 1, the first type ofparticles are black particles (K) carrying a high positive charge andthe second type of particles are yellow particles (Y) carrying a highnegative charge. The third type of particles are blue (B) particlescarrying a middle positive charge and the fourth type of particles arered (R) particles are positively charged; but their magnitudes areprogressively less than that of the black particles, which means thatthe black particles are high-positive particles, the blue particles aremid-positive particles and the red particles are low-positive particles.The fifth type of particles are white (W) particles carrying a lownegative charge.

The display layer shown in FIG. 1 is provided with means for applyingelectric fields across the display layer, these field applying meanshaving the form of two electrode layers, the first of which is alight-transmissive or transparent common electrode layer 11 extendingacross the entire viewing surface of the display. The electrode layer 11may be formed from indium tin oxide (ITO) or a similarlight-transmissive conductor. The other electrode layer 12 is a layer ofdiscrete pixel electrodes 12 a, which define individual pixel of thedisplay, these pixels being indicated by dotted vertical lines inFIG. 1. The pixel electrodes 12 a may form part of an active matrixdriving system with, for example, a thin film transistor (TFT)backplane, but other types of electrode addressing may be used providedthe electrodes provide the necessary electric field across the displaylayer.

FIG. 2 is a voltage versus time graph of a shaking waveform may which beused in the driving methods of the present invention. The shakingwaveform may consist of repeating a pair of opposite driving pulses formany cycles. For example, the shaking waveform may consist of a +15Vpulse for 20 msec and a −15V pulse for 20 msec, with this pair of pulsesbeing repeated 50 times. The total duration of such a shaking waveformwould be 2000 msec. For ease of illustration, FIG. 2 illustrates onlyseven pairs of pulses. In practice, there may be at least 10 repetitions(i.e., ten pairs of positive and negative pulses). The shaking waveformmay be applied regardless of the optical state prior to a drivingvoltage is applied. After the shaking waveform is applied, the opticalstate (at either the viewing surface or the second surface, if visible)will not be a pure color, but will be a mixture of the colors of thefive types of pigment particles.

Each of the driving pulses in the shaking waveform is applied for notexceeding 50% (or not exceeding 30%, 10% or 5%) of the driving timerequired for driving from the color state of the high positive particlesto the color state of the high negative particles, or vice versa. Forexample, if it takes 300 msec to drive a display device from the colorstate of the high positive particles to the color state of the highnegative particles, or vice versa, the shaking waveform may consist ofpositive and negative pulses, each applied for not more than 150 msec.In practice, it is preferred that the pulses be shorter.

As already mentioned, the display layer shown in FIG. 1 comprises first,black, high positive particles, second, yellow, high negative yellowparticles, third, blue, middle positive particles, fourth red, lowpositive particles, and fifth, white, low negative particles. The mannerin which the colors of the various particles can be displayed at theviewing surface will now be described with reference to FIGS. 3-1 to3-5.

When a high negative driving voltage (V_(H2), e.g., −15V) is applied tothe pixel electrode (3 b) (hereinafter, it will be assumed that thecommon electrode will be maintained at 0V, so in this case the commonelectrode is strongly positive relative to the pixel electrode) for atime period of sufficient length, an electric field is generated tocause the high negative yellow particles to be driven adjacent thecommon electrode 31 and the high positive black particles drivenadjacent the pixel electrode 32 a.

The low positive red and middle positive blue particles move slower thanthe high positive black particles and as a result, the blue particlesare above the black particles but below the red particles because theblue particles carry higher charges than the red particles. The blackparticles are closest to the pixel electrode, as shown in 3(a). The lownegative white particles move slower than the high negative yellowparticles, and therefore the white particles are below and masked by theyellow particles and therefore not visible at the viewing surface. Thus,a yellow color is displayed at the viewing surface.

Conversely, when a high positive driving voltage (V_(H1), e.g., +15V) isapplied to the pixel electrode (3 a) (so that the common electrode isstrongly negative relative to the pixel electrode) for a time period ofsufficient length, an electric field is generated to cause the highpositive black particles to be driven adjacent the common electrode 31and the high negative yellow particles adjacent the pixel electrode 32a. The resulting particle distribution (3(b)) is the exact inverse ofthat shown in 3(a) and a black color is displayed at the viewingsurface.

The high driving voltages thus applied may be in the form of singlepulses or pulsing waveforms having alternating periods of zero voltageand the driving voltage. The magnitude of the driving voltage used in apulsing waveform may be or may not be the same as that of the drivingvoltage used in a single pulse method. There may be, for example, 10-200cycles of pulsing. A pulsing waveform may lead to better colorperformance because it can prevent aggregation of the particles witheach other, which usually causes reduction of hiding power of the layersof particles.

The driving methods used in FIG. 3-1 therefore may be summarized asfollows:

A driving method for an electrophoretic display comprising a firstsurface on the viewing side, a second surface on the non-viewing sideand an electrophoretic fluid which fluid is sandwiched between a commonelectrode and a layer of pixel electrodes and comprises a first type ofparticles, a second type of particles, a third type of particles, afourth type of particles and a fifth type of particles, all of which aredispersed in a solvent or solvent mixture, wherein:

-   -   (a) the five types of pigment particles have optical        characteristics differing from one another;    -   (b) the first and second types of particles carry opposite        charge polarities;    -   (c) the third and fourth types of particles carry the same        charge polarity as the first type of particles, and the first        type, the third type and the fourth type of particles have        progressively lower magnitudes; and    -   (d) the fifth type of particles carries the same charge polarity        as the second type of particles but its magnitude is lower than        that of the second type of particles, the method comprising        -   (i) applying a first driving voltage to a pixel of the            electrophoretic display for a first period of time, wherein            the first driving voltage has the same polarity as the first            type of particles and the first period of time is sufficient            to drive the pixel to the color state of the first type of            particles to appear at the viewing side, or        -   (ii) applying a second driving voltage to a pixel of the            electrophoretic display for a second period of time, wherein            the second driving voltage has the same polarity as the            second type of particles and the second period of time is            sufficient to drive the pixel to the color state of the            second type of particles to appear at the viewing side.

FIG. 3-2 illustrates the manner in which the low positive (red)particles are displayed at the viewing surface of the display shown inFIG. 1. The process starts from the (yellow) state 3(a) shown in FIG.3-1 and repeated on the left side of FIG. 3-2. A low positive voltage(V_(L1), e.g., +3V) is applied to the pixel electrode (i.e., the commonelectrode is made slightly negative with respect to the pixel electrode)for a time period of sufficient length to cause the high negative yellowparticles to move towards the pixel electrode (32 a) while the highpositive black and middle positive blue particles move towards thecommon electrode (31). However, when the yellow, black and blueparticles meet intermediate the pixel and common electrodes as shown at3(c), they remain at the intermediate position because the electricfield generated by the low driving voltage is not strong enough toovercome the attractive forces between them. As shown, the yellow, blackand blue particles stay intermediate the pixel and common electrodes ina mixed state.

The term “attractive force” as used herein, encompasses electrostaticinteractions, linearly dependent on the particle charge potentials, andthe attractive force can be further enhanced by other forces, such asVan der Waals forces, hydrophobic interactions and the like.

Obviously, attractive forces also exist between the low positive redparticles and the high negative yellow particles, and between the lownegative white particles and both the high positive black and middlepositive blue particles. However, these attractive forces are not asstrong as the attractive forces between the black and yellow particlesand between the blue and yellow particles, and thus the weak attractiveforces on the red and white particles can be overcome by the electricfield generated by the low driving voltage, so that the low chargedparticles and the high charged particles of opposite polarity can beseparated. The electric field generated by the low driving voltage issufficient to separate the low negative white and low positive redparticles, thereby causing the red particles to move adjacent the commonelectrode (31) viewing surface and the white particles to move adjacentthe pixel electrode (32 a). As a result, the pixel displays a red color,while the white particles lie closest to the pixel electrode, as shownin 3(c).

The driving method of FIG. 3-2 can therefore be summarized as follows:

A driving method for an electrophoretic display comprising a firstsurface on the viewing side, a second surface on the non-viewing sideand an electrophoretic fluid which fluid is sandwiched between a commonelectrode and a layer of pixel electrodes and comprises a first type ofparticles, a second type of particles, a third type of particles, afourth type of particles and a fifth type of particles, all of which aredispersed in a solvent or solvent mixture, wherein:

-   -   (a) the five types of pigment particles have optical        characteristics differing from one another;    -   (b) the first and second types of particles carry opposite        charge polarities;    -   (c) the third and fourth types of particles carry the same        charge polarity as the first type of particles, and the first        type, the third type and the fourth type of particles have        progressively lower magnitudes; and    -   (d) the fifth type of particles carries the same charge polarity        as the second type of particles but its magnitude is lower than        that of the second type of particles, the method comprising:        -   (i) driving a pixel of the electrophoretic display to the            color of the second type of particles; and        -   (ii) applying a low driving voltage for a period of time,            wherein the low driving voltage has the same polarity as the            fourth type of particles and the period of time is            sufficient to drive the pixel from the color state of the            second type of particles to the color state of the fourth            type of particles to appear at the viewing side.

FIG. 3-3 illustrates the manner in which the low negative (white)particles are displayed at the viewing surface of the display shown inFIG. 1. The process starts from the (black) state 3(b) shown in FIG. 3-1and repeated on the left side of FIG. 3-3. A low negative voltage(V_(L2), e.g., −10V) is applied to the pixel electrode (i.e., the commonelectrode is made slightly positive with respect to the pixel electrode)for a time period of sufficient length to cause the high positive blackand middle positive blue particles to move towards the pixel electrode(32 a) while the high negative yellow particles move towards the commonelectrode (31). However, when the yellow, black and blue particles meetintermediate the pixel and common electrodes as shown at 3(d), theyremain at the intermediate position because the electric field generatedby the low driving voltage is not strong enough to overcome theattractive forces between them. Thus, as previously discussed withreference to FIG. 3-2, the yellow, black and blue particles stayintermediate the pixel and common electrodes in a mixed state.

As discussed above with reference to Figure, attractive forces alsoexist between the low positive red particles and the high negativeyellow particles, and between the low negative white particles and boththe high positive black and middle positive blue particles. However,these attractive forces are not as strong as the attractive forcesbetween the black and yellow particles and between the blue and yellowparticles, and thus the weak attractive forces on the red and whiteparticles can be overcome by the electric field generated by the lowdriving voltage, so that the low charged particles and the high chargedparticles of opposite polarity can be separated. The electric fieldgenerated by the low driving voltage is sufficient to separate the lownegative white and low positive red particles, thereby causing the whiteparticles to move adjacent the common electrode (31) viewing surface andthe red particles to move adjacent the pixel electrode (32 a). As aresult, the pixel displays a white color, while the red particles lieclosest to the pixel electrode, as shown in 3(d).

FIGS. 3-4 and 3-5 illustrate the manner in which the middle positive(blue) particles are displayed at the viewing surface of the displayshown in FIG. 1. The process starts from the (white) state 3(d) shown inFIG. 3-3 and repeated on the left sides of FIGS. 3-4 and 3-5. In FIG.3-4, a medium positive voltage (V_(M1), e.g., +12V) is applied to thepixel electrode (i.e., the common electrode is made moderately negativewith respect to the pixel electrode). The medium positive drivingvoltage causes the white particles to move away from the commonelectrode and the red particles to move away from the pixel electrode,thereby tending to cause all five types of particles to meet and form a“pack” intermediate the common and pixel electrodes. The medium voltageapplied is not sufficient to separate the high positive black from thehigh negative yellow particles in the pack, but (unlike the situationwith the low driving voltage used in FIG. 3-2) is sufficient to causethe middle positive blue particles to break away from the pack and movetowards the common electrode. The low positive red particles alsoseparate from the high negative yellow particles and move towards thecommon electrode. However, the middle positive blue particles movefaster than the low positive red particles and arrive adjacent thecommon electrode first, so that the pixel displays a blue color at theviewing surface. Similarly, the low negative white particles separatefrom the high positive black particles and move adjacent the pixelelectrode, to produce the state illustrated at 3(e).

FIG. 3-5 shows an alternative method of effected the same white-to-bluetransition as in FIG. 3-4. The difference between FIGS. 3-4 and 3-5 isthat in the latter the medium positive driving voltage is reduced from+12 to +8V, with the result that, although the blue and red particlesseparate from the pack in the same way as in FIG. 3-4, the electricfield generated by the driving voltage of +8V is not sufficient toseparate the low negative white particles from the high positive blackparticles, so that the black, yellow and white particles remain in apack intermediate the common and pixel electrodes. A blue color is stilldisplayed at the viewing surface but the pixel electrode surface (ifvisible) will display the color of a mixture of black, yellow and whiteparticles, rather than the white state displayed at this surface in FIG.3-4. For most practical purposes, this difference is of no consequence.

It will readily be apparent to those skilled in imaging science that if“clean”, well saturated colors are to be obtained in the various colorstates illustrated in FIGS. 3-1 to 3-5, all non-black and non-whiteparticles used in the electrophoretic medium should be light-reflectingrather than light-transmissive. (White particles are inherentlylight-scattering, while black particles are inherently light-absorbing.)For example, in the blue color state 3(e) shown in FIG. 3-4, if the blueparticles were substantially light-transmissive, a substantialproportion of the light entering the electrophoretic layer through theviewing surface would pass through the blue particles and a proportionof this transmitted would be reflected back from the red particlesimmediately “behind” (i.e., immediately below as illustrated in FIG.3-4) the blue particles. Assuming the red particles were alsosignificantly light-transmissive, a further proportion of the lighttransmitted through blue particles would be reflected from the pack ofwhite and yellow particles. The overall effect would be serious“contamination” of the desired blue color with at least red, andpossibly also yellow tinges, a highly undesirable. Similarconsiderations apply, with even more force, to six particle systems ofthe invention described below with reference to FIGS. 29-1 to 29-7.

FIG. 4 illustrates a waveform which may be used to effect theyellow-to-red (high negative to low positive) transition of FIG. 3-2. Inthe waveform of FIG. 4, a high negative driving voltage (V_(H2), forexample −15V) is first applied for a period of t1. This initialapplication of a high negative driving voltage may be omitted but ispreferably included to ensure that the entire waveform of FIG. 4 is DCbalanced. (The term “DC balanced” is used herein to mean that theintegral of the driving voltage applied to a pixel with respect to timetaken over an entire waveform is substantially zero.) A shaking waveformis then applied, followed by application of the high negative drivingvoltage (V_(H2)) for a period of t2, thus ensuring that the pixel is inthe yellow state shown in FIG. 3-2. From this yellow state, the pixel isdriven to the red state by applying a low positive driving voltage(V_(L1), for example +3V) for a period of t3, to effect theyellow-to-red transition shown in FIG. 3-2. The period t2 is sufficientto drive the pixel to the yellow state when V_(H2) is applied and theperiod t3 is sufficient to drive the pixel to the red state from theyellow state when V_(L1) is applied.

FIG. 5 illustrates a waveform which may be used to replace the portionof the waveform of FIG. 4 occurring in period t3. In the first portionof the waveform of FIG. 5, the high negative driving voltage (V_(H2)) isapplied to a pixel for a period of t4 to drive the pixel towards theyellow state, then a positive driving voltage (+V′) is applied for aperiod of t5 to drive the pixel towards the red state. The magnitude ofV′ is lower than that of V_(H) (e.g., V_(H1) or V_(H2)). The magnitudeof +V′ may be less than 50% of the magnitude of V_(H), and t5 maygreater than t4, for example, t4 may be in the range of 20-400 msec andt5 may be ≥200 msec. The waveform of FIG. 5 is repeated for at least 2cycles (N≥2), preferably at least 4 cycles and more preferably at least8 cycles. The red color becomes more intense after each driving cycle.

As already noted, the waveform of FIG. 5 may be used to replace theportion of the waveform of FIG. 4 occurring in period t3. FIG. 6illustrates a waveform in which the portion of the waveform of FIG. 4occurring in period t3 is replaced by five cycles of the waveform ofFIG. 5 (more or fewer cycles may of course be used). In other words, thewaveform of FIG. 6 comprises driving towards yellow for a period of t1(cf. FIG. 4), a shaking waveform, driving towards yellow for a period oft2 (again, cf. FIG. 4), and then applying multiple cycles of thewaveform of FIG. 5.

FIG. 7 illustrates a waveform similar to that of FIG. 6 but in which thestep of driving towards the yellow state for the period of t2 iseliminated, so that the waveform of FIG. 7 transitions from the shakingwaveform immediately to the waveform of FIG. 5. The waveforms of FIGS. 6and 7 may each be DC balanced.

The driving method of FIG. 5 therefore may be summarized as follows:

A driving method for an electrophoretic display comprising a firstsurface on the viewing side, a second surface on the non-viewing sideand an electrophoretic fluid which fluid is sandwiched between a commonelectrode and a layer of pixel electrodes and comprises a first type ofparticle s, a second type of particles, a third type of particles, afourth type of particles and a fifth type of particles, all of which aredispersed in a solvent or solvent mixture, wherein:

-   -   (a) the five types of pigment particles have optical        characteristics differing from one another;    -   (b) the first and second types of particles carry opposite        charge polarities;    -   (c) the third and fourth types of particles carry the same        charge polarity as the first type of particles, and the first        type, the third type and the fourth type of particles have        progressively lower magnitudes; and    -   (d) the fifth type of particles carries the same charge polarity        as the second type of particles but its magnitude is lower than        that of the second type of particles, the method comprises the        following steps:        -   (i) applying a first driving voltage to a pixel of the            electrophoretic display for a first period of time to drive            the pixel towards the color state of the second type of            particles;        -   (ii) applying a second driving voltage to the pixel for a            second period of time, wherein the second driving voltage            has same polarity as the fourth type of particles and a            magnitude lower than that of the first driving voltage, to            drive the pixel from the color state of the second type of            particles towards the color state of the fourth type of            particles to appear at the viewing side; and        -   repeating steps (i) and (ii).

In this method, the magnitude of the second driving voltage may be lessthan 50% of the magnitude of the first driving voltage. Steps (i) and(ii) may be repeated at least 2 times, preferably at least 4 times andmore preferably at least 8 times. The method may further comprise ashaking waveform before step (i), and/or may further comprise drivingthe pixel to the color state of the second type of particles after theshaking waveform but prior to step (i).

FIG. 8 illustrates a waveform which may be used in place of the waveformof FIG. 5 to replace the portion of the waveform of FIG. 4 occurring inperiod t3. The waveform of FIG. 8 comprises driving towards yellow foran initial period of t6 (cf. period t4 in FIG. 5), followed by drivingtowards red for a period of t7 (cf. period t5 in FIG. 5). However, inthe waveform of FIG. 8, period t7 is followed by a wait period of t8 inwhich no driving voltage is applied. The waveform of FIG. 8 is designedto release the charge imbalance stored in the dielectric layers and/orat the interfaces between layers of different materials, in anelectrophoretic display device, especially when the resistance of thedielectric layers is high, for example, at a low temperature. (As usedherein, the term “low temperature” refers to a temperature below about10° C.) The wait time presumably can dissipate the unwanted chargestored in the dielectric layers and cause the short pulse t6 for drivinga pixel towards the yellow state and the longer pulse t7 for driving thepixel towards the red state to be more efficient. As a result, thisalternative driving method will bring a better separation of the lowcharged (red) particles from the higher charged ones. The wait period t8may be in the range of 5-5000 msec, depending on the resistance of thedielectric layers. The entire waveform of FIG. 8 may be repeated atleast 2 times (N≥2), preferably at least 4 times and more preferably atleast 8 times.

As already noted, the waveform of FIG. 8 may be used to replace theportion of the waveform of FIG. 4 occurring in period t3. FIG. 9illustrates a waveform in which the portion of the waveform of FIG. 4occurring in period t3 is replaced by four cycles of the waveform ofFIG. 8 (more or fewer cycles may of course be used). In other words, thewaveform of FIG. 9 comprises driving towards yellow for a period of t1(cf. FIG. 4), a shaking waveform, driving towards yellow for a period oft2 (again, cf. FIG. 4), and then applying multiple cycles of thewaveform of FIG. 8.

FIG. 10 illustrates a waveform similar to that of FIG. 9 but in whichthe step of driving towards the yellow state for the period of t2 iseliminated, so that the waveform of FIG. 10 transitions from the shakingwaveform immediately to the waveform of FIG. 8. The waveforms of FIGS. 9and 10 may each be DC balanced.

The driving method of FIG. 8 therefore can be summarized as follows:

A driving method for an electrophoretic display comprising a firstsurface on the viewing side, a second surface on the non-viewing sideand an electrophoretic fluid which fluid is sandwiched between a commonelectrode and a layer of pixel electrodes and comprises a first type ofparticles, a second type of particles, a third type of particles, afourth type of particles and a fifth type of particles, all of which aredispersed in a solvent or solvent mixture, wherein:

-   -   (a) the five types of pigment particles have optical        characteristics differing from one another;    -   (b) the first and second types of particles carry opposite        charge polarities;    -   (c) the third and fourth types of particles carry the same        charge polarity as the first type of particles, and the first        type, the third type and the fourth type of particles have        progressively lower magnitudes; and    -   (d) the fifth type of particles carries the same charge polarity        as the second type of particles but its magnitude is lower than        that of the second type of particles, the method comprises the        following steps:        -   (i) applying a first driving voltage to a pixel of the            electrophoretic display for a first period of time to drive            the pixel towards the color state of the second type of            particles;        -   (ii) applying a second driving voltage to the pixel for a            second period of time, wherein the second driving voltage            has same polarity as the fourth type of particles and a            magnitude lower than that of the first driving voltage, to            drive the pixel from the color state of the second type of            particles towards the color state of the fourth type of            particles to appear at the viewing side;        -   (iii) applying no driving voltage to the pixel for a third            period of time; and        -   repeating steps (i)-(iii).

In this method, the magnitude of the second driving voltage may be lessthan 50% of the magnitude of the first driving voltage. Steps (i), (ii)and (iii) may be repeated at least 2 times, preferably at least 4 timesand more preferably at least 8 times. The method may further comprise ashaking waveform before step (i), and/or may further comprise drivingthe pixel to the color state of the second type of particles after theshaking waveform but prior to step (i). The lengths of the drivingperiods may be temperature dependent.

FIG. 11 illustrates a waveform which may be used in place of thewaveform of FIG. 5 or 8 to replace the portion of the waveform of FIG. 4occurring in period t3. The waveform of FIG. 11 comprises drivingtowards yellow for an initial period of t9 (cf. period t4 in FIG. 5),followed by a wait time of t10 during which no driving voltage isapplied. The wait time of t10 is followed by driving towards red for aperiod of t11 (cf. period t5 in FIG. 5), followed by a wait period oft12 in which no driving voltage is applied (cf. period t8 in FIG. 8).The waveform of FIG. 11 may be repeated at least 2 times, preferably atleast 4 times and more preferably at least 8 times.

In the waveform of FIG. 11, the first wait time t10 is very short whilethe second wait time t12 is longer. The period t9 is also shorter thanthe period t11. For example, t9 may be in the range of 20-200 msec; t10may be less than 100 msec; t11 may be in the range of 100-200 msec; andt12 may be less than 1000 msec.

As already noted, the waveform of FIG. 11 may be used to replace theportion of the waveform of FIG. 4 occurring in period t3. FIG. 12illustrates a waveform in which the portion of the waveform of FIG. 4occurring in period t3 is replaced by four cycles of the waveform ofFIG. 11 (more or fewer cycles may of course be used). In other words,the waveform of FIG. 12 comprises driving towards yellow for a period oft1 (cf. FIG. 4), a shaking waveform, driving towards yellow for a periodof t2 (again, cf. FIG. 4), and then applying multiple cycles of thewaveform of FIG. 11. As a general rule, the better the yellow stateachieved at the end of period t2, the better the red state that will bedisplayed at the end of the waveform.

FIG. 13 illustrates a waveform similar to that of FIG. 12 but in whichthe step of driving towards the yellow state for the period of t2 iseliminated, so that the waveform of FIG. 13 transitions from the shakingwaveform immediately to the waveform of FIG. 11. The waveforms of FIGS.12 and 13 may each be DC balanced.

The driving method of FIG. 11 therefore can be summarized as follows:

A driving method for an electrophoretic display comprising a firstsurface on the viewing side, a second surface on the non-viewing sideand an electrophoretic fluid which fluid is sandwiched between a commonelectrode and a layer of pixel electrodes and comprises a first type ofparticles, a second type of particles, a third type of particles, afourth type of particles and a fifth type of particles, all of which aredispersed in a solvent or solvent mixture, wherein:

-   -   (a) the five types of pigment particles have optical        characteristics differing from one another;    -   (b) the first and second types of particles carry opposite        charge polarities;    -   (c) the third and fourth types of particles carry the same        charge polarity as the first type of particles, and the first        type, the third type and the fourth type of particles have        progressively lower magnitudes; and    -   (d) the fifth type of particles carries the same charge polarity        as the second type of particles but its magnitude is lower than        that of the second type of particles, the method comprises the        following steps:        -   (i) applying a first driving voltage to a pixel in the            electrophoretic display for a first period of time to drive            the pixel towards the color state of the second type of            particles;        -   (ii) applying no driving voltage to the pixel for a second            period of time;        -   (iii) applying a second driving voltage to the pixel for a            third period of time, wherein the second driving voltage has            the same polarity as the fourth type of particles and has a            magnitude lower than that of the first driving voltage, to            drive the pixel from the color state of the second type of            particles towards the color state of the fourth type of            particles to appear at the viewing side;        -   (iv) applying no driving voltage to the pixel for a fourth            period of time; and        -   repeating steps (i)-(iv).

In this method, the magnitude of the second driving voltage may be lessthan 50% of the magnitude of the first driving voltage. Steps (i)-(iv)may be repeated at least 2 times, preferably at least 4 times and morepreferably at least 8 times. The method may further comprise a shakingwaveform before step (i), and/or may further comprise driving the pixelto the color state of the second type of particles after the shakingwaveform but prior to step (i). The lengths of the driving periods maybe temperature dependent.

This driving method not only is particularly effective at a lowtemperature, but can also provide a display device better tolerance ofstructural variations caused during manufacture of the display device.Therefore its usefulness is not limited to low temperature driving.

FIG. 14 illustrates a waveform which may be used to effect theblack-to-white (high positive to low negative) transition of FIG. 3-3.In the waveform of FIG. 14, which is essentially an inverted version ofthe waveform of FIG. 4, a high positive driving voltage (V_(H1), forexample +15V) is first applied for a period of t13. This initialapplication of a high positive driving voltage may be omitted but ispreferably included to ensure that the entire waveform of FIG. 14 is DCbalanced. A shaking waveform is then applied, followed by application ofthe high positive driving voltage (V_(H1)) for a period of t14, thusensuring that the pixel is in the black state shown in FIG. 3-3. Fromthis black state, the pixel is driven to the white state by applying alow negative driving voltage (V_(L2), for example −10V) for a period oft15, to effect the black-to-white transition shown in FIG. 3-3. Theperiod t14 is sufficient to drive the pixel to the black state whenV_(H1) is applied and the period t15 is sufficient to drive the pixel tothe white state from the black state when V_(L2) is applied. Thewaveform of FIG. 14 may be DC balanced.

The driving method of FIG. 14 therefore can be summarized as follows:

A driving method for an electrophoretic display comprising a firstsurface on the viewing side, a second surface on the non-viewing sideand an electrophoretic fluid which fluid is sandwiched between a commonelectrode and a layer of pixel electrodes and comprises a first type ofparticles, a second type of particles, a third type of particles, afourth type of particles and a fifth type of particles, all of which aredispersed in a solvent or solvent mixture, wherein:

-   -   (a) the five types of pigment particles have optical        characteristics differing from one another;    -   (b) the first and second types of particles carry opposite        charge polarities;    -   (c) the third and fourth types of particles carry the same        charge polarity as the first type of particles, and the first        type, the third type and the fourth type of particles have        progressively lower magnitudes; and    -   (d) the fifth type of particles carries the same charge polarity        as the second type of particles but its magnitude is lower than        that of the second type of particles, the method comprises the        following steps:        -   (i) driving a pixel of the electrophoretic display to the            color of the first type of particles; and        -   (ii) applying a low driving voltage for a period of time,            wherein the low driving voltage has the same polarity as the            fifth type of particles and the period of time is sufficient            to drive the pixel from the color state of the first type of            particles to the color state of the fifth type of particles            to appear at the viewing side.

FIG. 15 illustrates a waveform which may be used to replace the portionof the waveform of FIG. 14 occurring in period t15. In the first portionof the waveform of FIG. 14, which is essentially an inverted version ofthe waveform of FIG. 5, the high positive driving voltage (V_(H1)) isapplied to a pixel for a period of t16 to drive the pixel towards theblack state, then a negative driving voltage (−V′) is applied for aperiod of t17 to drive the pixel towards the white state. The magnitudeof −V′ is lower than that of V_(H) (e.g., V_(H1) or V_(H2)) Themagnitude of −V′ may be less than 50% of the magnitude of V_(H), and t17may greater than t16, for example, t16 may be in the range of 20-400msec and t17 may be ≥200 msec. The waveform of FIG. 15 is repeated forat least 2 cycles (N≥2), preferably at least 4 cycles and morepreferably at least 8 cycles. The white color becomes more intense aftereach driving cycle.

As already noted, the waveform of FIG. 15 may be used to replace theportion of the waveform of FIG. 14 occurring in period t15. FIG. 16illustrates a waveform in which the portion of the waveform of FIG. 14occurring in period t15 is replaced by four cycles of the waveform ofFIG. 15 (more or fewer cycles may of course be used). In other words,the waveform of FIG. 16 comprises driving towards black for a period oft13 (cf. FIG. 14), a shaking waveform, driving towards black for aperiod of t14 (again, cf. FIG. 14), and then applying multiple cycles ofthe waveform of FIG. 15.

FIG. 17 illustrates a waveform similar to that of FIG. 16 but in whichthe step of driving towards the black state for the period of t14 iseliminated, so that the waveform of FIG. 17 transitions from the shakingwaveform immediately to the waveform of FIG. 15. The waveforms of FIGS.16 and 17 may each be DC balanced.

The driving method of FIG. 15 therefore can be summarized as follows:

A driving method for an electrophoretic display comprising a firstsurface on the viewing side, a second surface on the non-viewing sideand an electrophoretic fluid which fluid is sandwiched between a commonelectrode and a layer of pixel electrodes and comprises a first type ofparticles, a second type of particles, a third type of particles, afourth type of particles and a fifth type of particles, all of which aredispersed in a solvent or solvent mixture, wherein:

-   -   (a) the five types of pigment particles have optical        characteristics differing from one another;    -   (b) the first and second types of particles carry opposite        charge polarities;    -   (c) the third and fourth types of particles carry the same        charge polarity as the first type of particles, and the first        type, the third type and the fourth type of particles have        progressively lower magnitudes; and    -   (d) the fifth type of particles carries the same charge polarity        as the second type of particles but its magnitude is lower than        that of the second type of particles, the method comprises the        following steps:        -   (i) applying a first driving voltage to a pixel of the            electrophoretic display for a first period of time to drive            the pixel towards the color state of the first type of            particles;        -   (ii) applying a second driving voltage to the pixel for a            second period of time, wherein the second driving voltage            has same polarity as the fifth type of particles and a            magnitude lower than that of the first driving voltage, to            drive the pixel from the color state of the first type of            particles towards the color state of the fifth type of            particles to appear at the viewing side; and            -   repeating steps (i) and (ii).

In this method, the magnitude of the second driving voltage may be lessthan 50% of the magnitude of the first driving voltage. Steps (i) and(ii) may be repeated at least 2 times, preferably at least 4 times andmore preferably at least 8 times. The method may further comprise ashaking waveform before step (i), and/or may further comprise drivingthe pixel to the color state of the first type of particles after theshaking waveform but prior to step (i). The lengths of the drivingperiods may be temperature dependent.

FIG. 18 illustrates a waveform which may be used in place of thewaveform of FIG. 15 to replace the portion of the waveform of FIG. 14occurring in period t15. The waveform of FIG. 8, which is essentially aninverted version of the waveform of FIG. 8, comprises driving towardsblack for an initial period of t18 (cf. period t16 in FIG. 15), followedby driving towards white for a period of t19 (cf. period t17 in FIG.15). However, in the waveform of FIG. 18, period t19 is followed by await period of t20 in which no driving voltage is applied. Like thewaveform of FIG. 8, the waveform of FIG. 18 is designed to release thecharge imbalance stored in the dielectric layers and/or at theinterfaces between layers of different materials, in an electrophoreticdisplay device, especially when the resistance of the dielectric layersis high, for example, at a low temperature. The wait time presumably candissipate the unwanted charge stored in the dielectric layers and causethe short pulse t18 for driving a pixel towards the black state and thelonger pulse t19 for driving the pixel towards the white state to bemore efficient. The wait period t20 may be in the range of 5-5000 msec,depending on the resistance of the dielectric layers. The entirewaveform of FIG. 8 may be repeated at least 2 times (N≥2), preferably atleast 4 times and more preferably at least 8 times. The periods, t18 andt19 in FIG. 18, are similar to periods t16 and t17 in FIG. 15,respectively. In other words, t19 is greater than t18.

As already noted, the waveform of FIG. 18 may be used to replace theportion of the waveform of FIG. 14 occurring in period t15. FIG. 19illustrates a waveform in which the portion of the waveform of FIG. 14occurring in period t15 is replaced by three cycles of the waveform ofFIG. 18 (more or fewer cycles may of course be used). In other words,the waveform of FIG. 19 comprises driving towards black for a period oft13 (cf. FIG. 14), a shaking waveform, driving towards black for aperiod of t14 (again, cf. FIG. 14), and then applying multiple cycles ofthe waveform of FIG. 18.

FIG. 20 illustrates a waveform similar to that of FIG. 19 but in whichthe step of driving towards the black state for the period of t14 iseliminated, so that the waveform of FIG. 20 transitions from the shakingwaveform immediately to the waveform of FIG. 18. The waveforms of FIGS.19 and 20 may each be DC balanced.

The driving method of FIG. 18 therefore can be summarized as follows:

A driving method for an electrophoretic display comprising a firstsurface on the viewing side, a second surface on the non-viewing sideand an electrophoretic fluid which fluid is sandwiched between a commonelectrode and a layer of pixel electrodes and comprises a first type ofparticles, a second type of particles, a third type of particles, afourth type of particles and a fifth type of particles, all of which aredispersed in a solvent or solvent mixture, wherein:

-   -   (a) the five types of pigment particles have optical        characteristics differing from one another;    -   (b) the first and second types of particles carry opposite        charge polarities;    -   (c) the third and fourth types of particles carry the same        charge polarity as the first type of particles, and the first        type, the third type and the fourth type of particles have        progressively lower magnitudes; and    -   (d) the fifth type of particles carries the same charge polarity        as the second type of particles but its magnitude is lower than        that of the second type of particles, the method comprises the        following steps:        -   (i) applying a first driving voltage to a pixel of the            electrophoretic display for a first period of time to drive            the pixel towards the color state of the first type of            particles;        -   (ii) applying a second driving voltage to the pixel for a            second period of time, wherein the second driving voltage            has same polarity as the fifth type of particles and a            magnitude lower than that of the first driving voltage, to            drive the pixel from the color state of the first type of            particles towards the color state of the fifth type of            particles to appear at the viewing side;        -   (iii) applying no driving voltage to the pixel for a third            period of time; and            -   repeating steps (i)-(iii).

In this method, the magnitude of the second driving voltage may be lessthan 50% of the magnitude of the first driving voltage. Steps (i), (ii)and (iii) may be repeated at least 2 times, preferably at least 4 timesand more preferably at least 8 times. The method may further comprise ashaking waveform before step (i), and/or may further comprise drivingthe pixel to the color state of the first type of particles after theshaking waveform but prior to step (i). The lengths of the drivingperiods may be temperature dependent.

FIG. 21 illustrates a waveform which may be used in place of thewaveform of FIG. 15 or 18 to replace the portion of the waveform of FIG.14 occurring in period t15. The waveform of FIG. 21, which isessentially an inverted version of the waveform of FIG. 11, comprisesdriving towards black for an initial period of t21 (cf. period t16 inFIG. 15), followed by a wait time of t22 during which no driving voltageis applied. The wait time of t22 is followed by driving towards whitefor a period of t23 (cf. period t17 in FIG. 15), followed by a waitperiod of t24 in which no driving voltage is applied (cf. period t20 inFIG. 18). The waveform of FIG. 21 may be repeated at least 2 times,preferably at least 4 times and more preferably at least 8 times.

In the waveform of FIG. 21, the first wait time t22 is very short whilethe second wait time t24 is longer. The period t21 is also shorter thanthe period t23. For example, t21 may be in the range of 20-200 msec; t22may be less than 100 msec; t23 may be in the range of 100-200 msec; andt24 may be less than 1000 msec.

As already noted, the waveform of FIG. 21 may be used to replace theportion of the waveform of FIG. 14 occurring in period t15. FIG. 22illustrates a waveform in which the portion of the waveform of FIG. 14occurring in period t15 is replaced by three cycles of the waveform ofFIG. 21 (more or fewer cycles may of course be used). In other words,the waveform of FIG. 22 comprises driving towards black for a period oft13 (cf. FIG. 14), a shaking waveform, driving towards black for aperiod of t14 (again, cf. FIG. 14), and then applying multiple cycles ofthe waveform of FIG. 21. As a general rule, the better the black stateachieved at the end of period t14, the better the white state that willbe displayed at the end of the waveform.

FIG. 23 illustrates a waveform similar to that of FIG. 22 but in whichthe step of driving towards the black state for the period of t14 iseliminated, so that the waveform of FIG. 23 transitions from the shakingwaveform immediately to the waveform of FIG. 21. The waveforms of FIGS.22 and 23 may each be DC balanced.

The driving method of FIG. 21 therefore can be summarized as follows:

A driving method for an electrophoretic display comprising a firstsurface on the viewing side, a second surface on the non-viewing sideand an electrophoretic fluid which fluid is sandwiched between a commonelectrode and a layer of pixel electrodes and comprises a first type ofparticles, a second type of particles, a third type of particles, afourth type of particles and a fifth type of particles, all of which aredispersed in a solvent or solvent mixture, wherein:

-   -   (a) the five types of pigment particles have optical        characteristics differing from one another;    -   (b) the first and second types of particles carry opposite        charge polarities;    -   (c) the third and fourth types of particles carry the same        charge polarity as the first type of particles, and the first        type, the third type and the fourth type of particles have        progressively lower magnitudes; and    -   (d) the fifth type of particles carries the same charge polarity        as the second type of particles but its magnitude is lower than        that of the second type of particles, the method comprises the        following steps:        -   (i) applying a first driving voltage to a pixel in the            electrophoretic display for a first period of time to drive            the pixel towards the color state of the first type of            particles;        -   (ii) applying no driving voltage to the pixel for a second            period of time;        -   (iii) applying a second driving voltage to the pixel for a            third period of time, wherein the second driving voltage has            the same polarity as the fifth type of particles and has a            magnitude lower than that of the first driving voltage, to            drive the pixel from the color state of the first type of            particles towards the color state of the fifth type of            particles to appear at the viewing side;        -   (iv) applying no driving voltage to the pixel for a fourth            period of time; and            -   repeating steps (i)-(iv).

In this method, the magnitude of the second driving voltage may be lessthan 50% of the magnitude of the first driving voltage. Steps (i)-(iv)may be repeated at least 2 times, preferably at least 4 times and morepreferably at least 8 times. The method may further comprise a shakingwaveform before step (i), and/or may further comprise driving the pixelto the color state of the first type of particles after the shakingwaveform but prior to step (i). The lengths of the driving periods maybe temperature dependent.

This driving method not only is particularly effective at a lowtemperature, but can also provide a display device better tolerance ofstructural variations caused during manufacture of the display device.Therefore its usefulness is not limited to low temperature driving.

FIG. 24 illustrates a waveform which may be used to effect thewhite-to-blue (low negative to middle positive) transition of FIG. 3-4or 3-5. The waveform of FIG. 24 is a “single pulse” waveform comprisinga low negative driving voltage (V_(L2), for example −3V) to drive thepixel to the white state shown on the left hand side of FIG. 3-4 or 3-5,followed by a medium positive driving voltage V_(M1), for example +12V).The single pulse waveform shown in FIG. 24 can lead to a blue colorstate, with proper timing. The driving time for the single blue-goingpulse may be in the range of about 100 to about 2,000 msec. If the pulseis applied for too long, the red particles may catch up with the blueparticles adjacent the viewing surface of the display, which may causesome red contamination of the blue state.

Alternatively, the white-to-blue transition of FIG. 3-4 or 3-5 may beeffected using a pulsing waveform as shown in FIG. 25. The waveform ofFIG. 25 begins with the same white-going pulse as the waveform of FIG.24 but instead of the single blue-going pulse in the waveform of FIG.24, the waveform of FIG. 25 has a series of short driving pulses of themedium positive driving voltage V_(M1), alternating with periods of zerovoltage. The medium positive driving voltage used in the waveform ofFIG. 25 has a magnitude which may or may not be the same as that of themedium positive driving voltage used in the single pulse waveform ofFIG. 24. In a waveform such as that of FIG. 25, there may be 10-200cycles of pulsing. A pulsing waveform may lead to better colorperformance because it can prevent self-aggregation of the blueparticles, which usually causes reduction of the hiding power of layersof such particles.

As already noted, the five particle system shown in FIGS. 1 and 3-1 to3-5, has high, middle and low positive particles, and high and lownegative particles. If the middle positive particles were replaced withmiddle negative particles, the color state of these middle negativeparticles could be displayed by a transition from the color state of thelow positive particles using waveforms which are inverted versions ofthose shown in FIGS. 24 and 25.

The driving method for achieving the (blue) color state of the middlepositive particles in the five particle system shown in FIGS. 1 and 3-4to 3-5 may be summarized as follows:

A driving method for an electrophoretic display comprising a firstsurface on the viewing side, a second surface on the non-viewing sideand an electrophoretic fluid which fluid is sandwiched between a commonelectrode and a layer of pixel electrodes and comprises a first type ofparticles, a second type of particles, a third type of particles, afourth type of particles and a fifth type of, all of which are dispersedin a solvent or solvent mixture, wherein:

-   -   (a) the five types of pigment particles have optical        characteristics differing from one another;    -   (b) the first and second types of particles carry opposite        charge polarities;    -   (c) the third and fourth types of particles carry the same        charge polarity as the first type of particles and the first        type, the third type and the fourth type have progressively        lower magnitudes; and    -   (d) the fifth type of particles carries the same charge polarity        as the second type of particles but their magnitude is lower        than that of the second type of particles, the method comprises        applying a driving voltage or a pulsing waveform with        alternating a driving voltage and no driving voltage, to a pixel        of the electrophoretic display, wherein the pixel is in the        color state of the fifth type of particles and the driving        voltage has the same polarity as the third type of particles, to        drive the pixel from the color state of the fifth type of        particles towards the color state of the third type of particles        to appear at the viewing side.

The white state needed for the white-to-blue transition of FIG. 3-4 or3-5 can be achieved by any of the methods described above, and FIGS. 26and 27 illustrate two possible waveforms for this purpose. The waveformof FIG. 26 is in effect a combination of the waveforms of FIGS. 14 and24, while the waveform of FIG. 27 is in effect a combination of thewaveforms of FIGS. 14 and 25.

The waveforms described above make use of three levels of positivedriving voltage, high positive (V_(H1)), medium positive (V_(M1)) andlow positive (V_(L1)), and two levels of negative driving voltage, highnegative (V_(H2)) and low negative (V_(L2)). The medium positive drivingvoltage (V_(M1)) may be 40% to 100%, preferably 50% to 90%, of the highpositive driving voltage (V_(H1)) and the low positive driving voltage(V_(L1)) may be 5% to 50%, preferably 15% to 40%, of the high positivedriving voltage (V_(H1)). The low negative driving voltage (V_(L2)) maybe 10% to 90%, preferably 30% to 70%, of the high negative drivingvoltage (V_(H2)).

If the middle positive particles were replaced with middle negativeparticles, three levels of negative driving voltage, high negative,medium negative and low negative, and two levels of positive drivingvoltage, high positive and low positive would be required. In such acase, the medium negative driving voltage (V_(M2)) may be 40% to 100%,preferably 40% to 90%, of the high negative driving voltage (V_(H2)) andthe low negative driving voltage (V_(L2)) may be 5% to 50%, preferably10% to 45%, of the high negative driving voltage (V_(H2)). The lowpositive driving voltage (V_(L1)) may be 5% to 95%, preferably 25% to75%, of high positive driving voltage (V_(H1)).

The “high” driving voltage (positive or negative) referred to above isusually the driving voltage required to drive a pixel from a color stateof one type of the high charged particles to a color state of anothertype of high charged particles of opposite polarity. For example, in thesystem shown in FIGS. 1 and 3-1 to 3-5, a high driving voltage (V_(H1)or V_(H2)) is defined as a driving voltage which is sufficient to drivea pixel from the black color state to the yellow color state, or viceversa (see FIG. 3-1).

In all embodiments of the present invention, since the five color statesare controlled by varying voltage levels and each particle type/colorcan occupy 100% of the pixel area at a particular driving voltage, thebrightness of each individual color state is not compromised. This typeof full color electrophoretic display will provide not onlynon-compromised white and black states, but also non-compromised colorstates of other colors, such as red, green and blue.

In the specific systems described above, each pixel can display fivecolor states, so that the system is a 5-CP system. More color states maybe displayed if a pixel consists of multiple sub-pixels each capable ofdisplaying five color states. For example, if each pixel has threesub-pixels, one of the five color states may be displayed by the pixelif all three sub-pixels display that color. If the three sub-pixelsdisplay red, blue and black color states respectively, the pixel willdisplay a magenta color state. If the three sub-pixels display green,blue and black color states respectively, the pixel will display a cyancolor state. If the three sub-pixels display red, green and black colorstates respectively, the pixel will display a yellow color state. Morecolor states may be displayed through adjusting driving waveforms or byusing various image processing techniques.

The electrophoretic medium used in the present invention may beunencapsulated, microencapsulated, a polymer-dispersed electrophoreticmedium or in microcells or other display cells, for example as describedin U.S. Pat. No. 6,930,818, or in microchannels or equivalents,regardless of their shapes or sizes.

Electrophoretic layers of the present invention using six differenttypes of particles (6-CP systems), and driving methods for suchelectrophoretic layers, will now be described. Such layers differ fromthe five particle systems previously described in that they have threepositive and three negative types of particles, and thus contain bothmiddle positive and middle negative particles.

FIG. 28 is a schematic cross-section similar to that of FIG. 1, buttaken through a display layer containing six different types ofparticles (designated respectively by numbers 1-6 within circles) whichcan display six different color states. In addition to the high positiveblack, middle positive blue, low positive red, high negative yellow andlow positive white of the electrophoretic layer shown in FIG. 1, theelectrophoretic layer of FIG. 28 contains middle negative green (G)particles.

FIGS. 29-1 to 29-5 are schematic cross-sections similar to those ofFIGS. 3-1 to 3-5 respectively and illustrating the same transitions. Thedriving voltages and the positions of the black, yellow, blue, red andwhite particles in FIGS. 29-1 to 29-5 are essentially identical to thosein FIGS. 3-1 to 3-5 respectively; the positions of the green particlesare as follows:

-   -   (a) in the yellow state shown in FIG. 29-1, the green particles        lie between the yellow and white particles adjacent the common        electrode;    -   (b) in the black state shown in FIG. 29-1, the green particles        lie between the yellow and white particles adjacent the pixel        electrode;    -   (c) in the black state shown in FIG. 29-2, the green particles        are admixed with the yellow, black and blue particles in the        pack intermediate the pixel and common electrodes;    -   (c) in the white state shown in FIG. 29-3, the green particles        are again admixed with the yellow, black and blue particles in        the pack intermediate the pixel and common electrodes;    -   (d) in the blue state shown in FIG. 29-4, the green particles        lie between the pixel electrode and the white particles (so that        a green color is displayed at the pixel electrode, if visible);        and    -   (e) in the blue state shown in FIG. 29-5, the green particles        are admixed with the yellow, black and white particles in the        pack intermediate the pixel and common electrodes (so that a        mixture of colors of these four particles would be displayed at        the pixel electrode, if visible).

FIG. 29-4, depending upon the charges on the white and green particlesand the specific driving voltage used, it is possible that only thewhite particles escape from the pack and that the green particles remainwith the black and yellow particles, so that a white color is displayedat the pixel electrode, if visible. For reasons already discussed,whether the pixel electrode surface displays a green or a white colorwill normally be of little practical consequence.

FIGS. 29-6 and 29-7 illustrate the manner in which the middle negative(green) particles are displayed at the viewing surface of the displayshown in FIG. 28. By comparing FIGS. 29-6 and 29-7 with FIGS. 29-4 and29-5 respectively, it will be seen that the method for displaying themiddle negative (green) particles is essentially the inverse of thatused to display the middle positive (blue) particles. Thus, instead ofstarting from the color of the low negative (white) particles, theprocess for displaying the green particles starts from the low positive(red) state 3(c) shown in FIG. 29-2 and repeated on the left sides ofFIGS. 29-6 and 29-7. In FIG. 29-6, a medium negative voltage (V_(M2),e.g., −10V) is applied to the pixel electrode (i.e., the commonelectrode is made moderately positive with respect to the pixelelectrode). The medium negative driving voltage causes the whiteparticles to move away from the pixel electrode and the red particles tomove away from the common electrode, thereby tending to cause all sixtypes of particles to meet and form a “pack” intermediate the common andpixel electrodes. The medium voltage applied is not sufficient toseparate the high positive black from the high negative yellow particlesin the pack, but (unlike the situation with the low driving voltage usedin FIG. 29-2) is sufficient to cause the middle negative green particlesto break away from the pack and move towards the common electrode. Thelow negative white particles also separate from the high positive blackparticles and move towards the common electrode. However, the middlenegative green particles move faster than the low negative whiteparticles and arrive adjacent the common electrode first, so that thepixel displays a green color at the viewing surface. Similarly, both thelow positive red particles and the middle positive blue particlesseparate from the high negative yellow particles and move adjacent thepixel electrode, to produce the state illustrated at 3(f) in FIG. 29-6.The middle positive blue particles will normally move faster than thelow positive red particles, so that a blue color will be displayed atthe pixel electrode, if visible.

FIG. 29-7 shows an alternative method of effecting the same red-to-greentransition as in FIG. 29-6. The difference between FIGS. 29-6 and 29-7is that in the latter the medium negative driving voltage is reducedfrom −10 to −8V, with the result that, although the green and whiteparticles separate from the pack in the same way as in FIG. 29-6, theelectric field generated by the driving voltage of −8V is not sufficientto separate the low positive red particles or the middle positive blueparticles from the high negative yellow particles, so that the black,yellow, red and blue particles remain in a pack intermediate the commonand pixel electrodes. A green color is still displayed at the viewingsurface but the pixel electrode surface (if visible) will display thecolor of a mixture of black, yellow, red and blue particles, rather thanthe blue state displayed at this surface in FIG. 29-6. For mostpractical purposes, this difference is of no consequence.

Scenarios of the type illustrated in FIGS. 3-5, 29-5 and 29-7 arepossible because the magnitude of the charge on the middle negativegreen particles need not be the same as that on the middle positive blueparticles, and the magnitude of the charge on the low negative whiteparticles need not be the same as that on the low positive redparticles. Indeed, there is a third possibility for the red-to-greentransition which is not shown in either FIG. 29-6 or 29-7. Because theblue particles carry a greater charge than the red particles, it ispossible to have a situation which might be regarded as intermediatethose shown in FIGS. 29-6 and 29-7, in which only the red particlesescape from the pack, the blue particles remaining within the pack, sothat a red color is displayed at the pixel electrode.

The transitions illustrated in FIGS. 29-1 to 29-5 can be effected usingappropriate ones of the waveforms illustrated in FIGS. 4-27 aspreviously described with reference to FIGS. 3-1 to 3-5 since the onlydifferences between the transitions of FIGS. 3-1 to 3-5 on the one handand FIGS. 29-1 to 29-5 on the other is the positions of the greenparticles, which have already been explained. Accordingly, it is nowonly necessary to discuss waveforms needed for the red-to-greentransitions of FIGS. 29-6 and 29-7, and this will now be done withreference to FIGS. 30-33.

FIG. 30 illustrates a waveform which may be used to effect thered-to-green (low positive to middle negative) transition of FIG. 29-6or 29-7. The waveform of FIG. 30, which is essentially an invertedversion of the waveform of FIG. 24, is a “single pulse” waveformcomprising a low positive driving voltage (V_(L1), for example +3V) todrive the pixel to the red state shown on the left hand side of FIG.29-6 or 29-7, followed by a medium negative driving voltage V_(M2), forexample −12V). The single pulse waveform shown in FIG. 30 can lead to agreen color state, with proper timing. The driving time for the singlegreen-going pulse may be in the range of about 100 to about 2,000 msec.If the pulse is applied for too long, the white particles may catch upwith the green particles adjacent the viewing surface of the display,which may cause some reduction is saturation of the green state.

Alternatively, the red-to-green transition of FIG. 29-6 or 29-7 may beeffected using a pulsing waveform as shown in FIG. 31. The waveform ofFIG. 31 begins with the same red-going pulse as the waveform of FIG. 30but instead of the single green-going pulse in the waveform of FIG. 30,the waveform of FIG. 31 has a series of short driving pulses of themedium negative driving voltage V_(M2), alternating with periods of zerovoltage. The medium negative driving voltage used in the waveform ofFIG. 31 has a magnitude which may or may not be the same as that of themedium negative driving voltage used in the single pulse waveform ofFIG. 30. In a waveform such as that of FIG. 31, there may be 10-200cycles of pulsing. A pulsing waveform may lead to better colorperformance because it can prevent self-aggregation of the greenparticles, which usually causes reduction of the hiding power of layersof such particles.

The red state needed for the red-to-green transition of FIG. 29-6 or29-7 can be achieved by any of the methods described above, and FIGS. 32and 33 illustrate two possible waveforms for this purpose. The waveformof FIG. 32 is in effect a combination of the waveforms of FIGS. 4 and30, while the waveform of FIG. 33 is in effect a combination of thewaveforms of FIGS. 4 and 31.

Methods for effecting transitions such as those shown in FIGS. 29-6 and29-7 can be summarized as follows:

A driving method for an electrophoretic display comprising a firstsurface on the viewing side, a second surface on the non-viewing sideand an electrophoretic fluid which fluid is sandwiched between a commonelectrode and a layer of pixel electrodes and comprises a first type ofparticles, a second type of particles, a third type of particles, afourth type of particles, a fifth type of particles and a sixth type ofparticles, all of which are dispersed in a solvent or solvent mixture,wherein:

-   -   (a) the six types of pigment particles have optical        characteristics differing from one another;    -   (b) the first type, the third type and the fifth type are high        positive particles, mid-positive particles and low positive        particles, respectively; and    -   (c) the second type, the fourth type and the sixth type are high        negative, mid-negative and low negative particles, respectively,    -   the method comprises applying a driving voltage or a pulsing        waveform with alternating a driving voltage and no driving        voltage, to a pixel of the electrophoretic display, wherein the        pixel is in the color state of the fifth type of particles and        the driving voltage has the same polarity as the fourth type of        particles, to drive the pixel from the color state of the fifth        type of particles towards the color state of the fourth type of        particles to appear at the viewing side.

The relationships between the high, medium and low driving voltages, andthe forms of electrophoretic layers which may be employed in the presentinvention have been discussed above with reference to five particlesystems, and these relationships and forms apply equally to six particlesystems.

In practice, it has been found that the color states produced by thedisplay layers of the present invention are not as simple as may beimplied from the foregoing discussion of FIGS. 1-33, and that there aretwo main issues which affect the quality of the various optical statesof the display layers. The first issue is the tint of the first andsecond optical characteristics (for example, the black and yellow colorsshown in FIG. 3-1). In the display layer shown in FIG. 3. in whichpositive blue and red particles are present, the yellow color may sufferfrom a blue or red tint, which appears to arise from the blue and redparticles not separating well from the yellow particles. Although theyellow particles carry a charge of opposite polarity to the blue and redparticles, a small amount of (for example) the red particles appearingon the viewing surface when the display layer is intended to display ayellow color could cause an orange tint to the yellow, which isunpleasant to the viewer.

The black optical state of the display layer may also suffer from a blueor red tint. The black, blue and red particles carry the same chargepolarity but with different levels of charge intensity. The highlycharged black particles are expected to move faster than the lesscharged blue and red particles to produce a good black state, but inpractice some contamination (tinting) of the black color by the blueand/or red particles is hard to avoid.

The second major issue is the so-called “ghosting” phenomenon. Asdiscussed for example in US 2013/0194250 (where the phenomenon isdiscussed only with reference to gray scale displays, but the samegeneral principles apply to color displays) when pixels previously indifferent gray levels or color states are driven to the same (notional)gray level or color state, the pixels do not in practice end up in thesame optical state; in the case of color displays, the pixels may differin any one or more of L*, a* and b* (where L*, a* and b* represent tocoordinates in the CIE L*a*b* color space). Differences in L*, a* and b*may hereinafter be denoted by ΔL*, Δa* and Δb* respectively. Thephenomenon is referred to as “ghosting” because, for example, if an areaof the display previously showing a white rectangle against a blackbackground is redrawn to a solid black area, the differences in thefinal black state between the pixels which were previously white, andthose previously black, cause a faint, “ghost” image of the rectangle tobe visible in the final, supposedly uniformly black, image.

In one example, two groups of pixels are driven concurrently to a blackstate. The first group of pixels driven from a white state to the blackstate may show an L* of 15, while the other group of pixels driven froma black state to the final black state may show an L* of 10, thusleaving a ΔL* of 5 between the two groups of pixels.

In another example, three groups of pixels are driven concurrently to ablack state. The first group of pixels are driven from red to black andmay show an L* of 17 and an a* of 7 (a high a* value here, alsoindicative of color tinting). The second group of pixels are driven froma black state to the final black state and may show an L* of 10 and ana* of 1. The third group of pixels are driven from a white state to theblack state and may show an L* of 15 and an a* of 3. In this case, themost severe ghosting resulting from a ΔL* of 7 and a Δa* of 6.

It has now been found that modification of the driving methodspreviously described can reduce or eliminate both the aforementionedproblems; in other words, the driving methods of the present inventioncan reduce or eliminate not only color tinting (i.e., the a* value ofthe black and/or white state) but also ghosting (i.e., ΔL*, Δa* andΔb*).

FIGS. 34 and 35 illustrate two variants of the three-part shakingwaveform used in the driving methods of the present invention. Thesethree-part shaking waveforms may be viewed as a “re-set” or“re-condition” waveform used to bring a pixel to a predictable,consistent state prior to driving the pixel to a desired color state,and thus reducing variations in the final desired color state.

The waveform shown in FIG. 34 comprises three parts, namely:

-   (i) applying a high negative voltage, which is preferably the same    high negative voltage V_(H2) used in the black-to-yellow transition    shown in FIG. 29-1, for a period t29 sufficient to drive the pixel    to display a yellow color at the viewing surface;-   (ii) applying a high positive voltage, which is preferably the same    high positive voltage V_(H1) used in the yellow-to-black transition    shown in FIG. 29-1, for a period t30 insufficient to drive the pixel    from the yellow state to the black state, resulting in an    intermediate color state (actually a mixture of yellow and black and    thus a yellowish gray) at the viewing surface; and-   (iii) applying a shaking waveform essentially identical to that    shown in FIG. 2.

The waveform shown in FIG. 35 is essentially the inverse of that shownin FIG. 34 and comprises three parts, namely:

-   (i) applying a positive voltage, which is preferably the same high    positive voltage V_(H1) used in the yellow-to-black transition shown    in FIG. 29-1, for a period t31 sufficient to drive the pixel to    display a black color at the viewing surface;-   (ii) applying a high negative voltage, which is preferably the same    high negative voltage V_(H2) used in the black-to-yellow transition    shown in FIG. 29-1, for a period t32 insufficient to drive the pixel    from the black state to the yellow state, resulting in an    intermediate color state (actually a mixture of yellow and black and    thus a yellowish gray) at the viewing surface; and-   (iii) applying a shaking waveform essentially identical to that    shown in FIG. 2.

The length of t30 or t32 depends not only the final color state desired(after the waveform of FIG. 34 or 35), but also the desired opticalperformance of the final color state (e.g., a*, b*, ΔL*, Δa* and Δb*).For example, in one specific display layer, ghosting was minimized whent30 in the waveform of FIG. 34 was 40 millisecond (msec) and pixels aredriven to the red state regardless of whether they are driven from red,black or white. Similarly, ghosting was minimized when t30 was 60 msecand pixels are driven to the black state regardless of whether they aredriven from red, black or white.

As noted above with reference to FIG. 2, the shaking waveform portion ofthe waveforms shown in FIGS. 34 and 35 consists of repeating a pair ofopposite driving pulses for many cycles. For example, the shakingwaveform portion may consist of a +15V pulse for 20 msec and a −15Vpulse for 20 msec, with the pair of pulses being repeated 50 times, sothat the total duration of the shaking waveform portion is 2000 msec.

Each of the driving pulses in the shaking waveform portion is appliedfor a period not exceeding half the time required to drive from the fullblack state to the full yellow state, or vice versa. For example, if ittakes 300 msec to drive a pixel from a full black state to a full yellowstate, or vice versa, the shaking waveform portion may consist ofpositive and negative pulses, each applied for not more than 150 msec.In practice, it is preferred that the pulses are shorter. In FIGS. 34and 35, the shaking waveform is abbreviated (i.e., the number of pulsesis fewer than the actual number).

After the shaking waveform shown in FIG. 34 or 35 is completed, thevarious types of particles are in a consistent mixed state in thedisplay fluid. The pixel may then be driven to a desired color state aspreviously described. For example, a positive pulse may be applied todrive the pixel to black; or a negative pulse may be applied to drivethe pixel to yellow. It has been found that the driving methods of thepresent invention incorporating the “re-set” or “pre-condition” waveformportion of FIG. 34 or 35, or similar have the advantage of shorterwaveform time in achieving the same levels of optical performance(including ghosting) as compared to driving methods lacking such awaveform portion.

It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that numerous changesand modifications can be made in the specific embodiments of theinvention described above without departing from the scope of theinvention. Accordingly, the whole of the foregoing description is to beinterpreted in an illustrative and not in a limitative sense.

The invention claimed is:
 1. A method of driving a display layer havinga first surface, which forms a viewing surface of the display layer, anda second surface on the opposed side of the display layer from the firstsurface, the display layer being provided with means for applying anelectric field between the first and second surfaces, the display layerfurther comprising an electrophoretic medium comprising a fluid andfirst, second, third, fourth and fifth types of particles dispersed inthe fluid, the first, second, third, fourth and fifth types of particleshaving respectively first, second, third, fourth and fifth opticalcharacteristics differing from one another, the first, third and fourthtype of particles having charges of one polarity and the second andfifth types of particles having charges of the opposite polarity, themethod comprising: (i) applying a first electric field for a periodsufficient to cause the optical characteristic of one of the first orsecond particles to be displayed at the viewing surface; (ii)thereafter, applying a second electric field having a polarity oppositeto that of the first electric field for a period insufficient to causethe optical characteristic of the other of the first or second particlesto be displayed at the viewing surface; and (iii) thereafter, applying ashaking waveform,  the driving method further comprising, after theshaking waveform either: (iv) applying a third electric field having apolarity driving the first type of particles towards the viewingsurface, thereby causing the display layer to display the first opticalcharacteristic at the viewing surface; or (v) applying a fourth electricfield having a polarity driving the second type of particles towards theviewing surface, thereby causing the display layer to display the secondoptical characteristic at the viewing surface.
 2. The method accordingto claim 1 wherein the electrophoretic layer further comprises a sixthtype of particles having a sixth optical characteristic differing fromthe first, second, third, fourth and fifth optical characteristics, thesixth type of particles bearing a charge of the same polarity as thesecond and fifth particles.
 3. The method according to claim 1 furthercomprising either: (vi) when the second optical characteristic isdisplayed at the viewing surface after step (v), applying a fifthelectric field having a magnitude lower than the fourth electric fieldand a polarity driving the fourth type of particles towards the viewingsurface, thereby causing the display layer to display the fourth opticalcharacteristic at the viewing surface; or (vii) when the first opticalcharacteristic is displayed at the viewing surface after step (iv),applying a sixth electric field having a magnitude lower than the thirdelectric field and a polarity driving the fifth type of particlestowards the viewing surface, thereby causing the display layer todisplay the fifth optical characteristic at the viewing surface.
 4. Themethod according to claim 3 further comprising: (viii) when the fifthoptical characteristic is displayed at the viewing surface applying aseventh electric field having a magnitude intermediate the third andfifth electric fields and a polarity driving the third type of particlestowards the viewing surface, thereby causing the display layer todisplay the third optical characteristic at the viewing surface.
 5. Amethod of driving a display layer having a first surface, which forms aviewing surface of the display layer, and a second surface on theopposed side of the display layer from the first surface, the displaylayer being provided with means for applying an electric field betweenthe first and second surfaces, the display layer further comprising anelectrophoretic medium comprising a fluid and first, second, third,fourth, fifth and sixth types of particles dispersed in the fluid, thefirst, second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth types of particles havingrespectively first, second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth opticalcharacteristics differing from one another, the first, third and fourthtype of particles having charges of one polarity and the second, fifthand sixth types of particles having charges of the opposite polarity,the method comprising: (i) applying a first electric field for a periodsufficient to cause the optical characteristic of one of the first orsecond particles to be displayed at the viewing surface, (ii)thereafter, applying a second electric field having a polarity oppositeto that of the first electric field for a period insufficient to causethe optical characteristic of the other of the first or second particlesto be displayed at the viewing surface; and (iii) thereafter, applying ashaking waveform,  the driving method, further comprising, after theshaking waveform, either: (iv) applying a third electric field having apolarity driving the first type of particles towards the viewingsurface, thereby causing the display layer to display the first opticalcharacteristic at the viewing surface; or (v) applying a fourth electricfield having a polarity driving the second type of particles towards theviewing surface, thereby causing the display layer to display the secondoptical characteristic at the viewing surface.
 6. The method accordingto claim 5 further comprising either: (vi) when the second opticalcharacteristic is displayed at the viewing surface after step (v),applying a fifth electric field having a magnitude lower than the fourthelectric field and a polarity driving the fourth type of particlestowards the viewing surface, thereby causing the display layer todisplay the fourth optical characteristic at the viewing surface; or(vii) when the first optical characteristic is displayed at the viewingsurface after step (iv), applying a sixth electric field having amagnitude lower than the third electric field and a polarity driving thefifth type of particles towards the viewing surface, thereby causing thedisplay layer to display the fifth optical characteristic at the viewingsurface.
 7. The method according to claim 6 further comprising either:(viii) when the fifth optical characteristic is displayed at the viewingsurface applying a seventh electric field having a magnitudeintermediate the third and sixth electric fields and a polarity drivingthe third type of particles towards the viewing surface, thereby causingthe display layer to display the third optical characteristic at theviewing surface; or (ix) when the fourth optical characteristic isdisplayed at the viewing surface applying a sixth electric field havinga magnitude intermediate the fourth and fifth electric fields and apolarity driving the sixth type of particles towards the viewingsurface, thereby causing the display layer to display the sixth opticalcharacteristic at the viewing surface.